Schools need to be able to judge progress at many different levels – for individuals, groups of pupils and at the whole-schools level, and also over various periods of time – within a year, one years, more than one year, and across key stages. Key stage reporting has always, and remains the mainstay of discussions with external agencies such as Ofsted, advisors and SIPs, plus Governing bodies. Schools also want to compare progress against a range of expectations if possible, including CASPA’s benchmarking, levels, quartiles and compare actual progress and target progress against these benchmarks.